Synthesis of the literature on the impact of climate change on agriculture in temperate-continental regions contains a synthesis of fifty scientific articles covering different aspects related to the main researches and the impact of climate change on agricultural systems in temperate-continental regions. Thus, overall, the scientific literature highlights that, in the south of the European continent, the extreme weather phenomena (high temperatures, heat waves, drought, frost, hail, storms and floods) will have a greater frequency, the temperatures will increase and the precipitations will decrease, leading to a slower development of agriculture in the south-eastern areas and an expansion of it in the northern and western regions. These changes will result in a shorter season of plant growth and development, an increase of water shortage and increase of thermal stress, which will decrease the agricultural surface and implicitly the obtained crops.
Prolonged periods with high extreme temperatures can even cause partial or total destruction of agricultural production; extremely high temperatures during the breeding period can also adversely affect the viability of the pollen and the formation of the dry matter in cereals. In the winter wheat, the major effects of the thermal stress on the production yield are related to a reduction in the number of "brothers", due to sterility and abortion, and finally, small grain size plants, all these effects leading to a significant decrease of cereal yield. At the same time, the extension of the growing season in the northern areas can also lead to insufficient capacity to acclimatize the plants to cold conditions. Due to higher temperatures, future climate projections highlight the increase in the length of seasons, improving the ability to grow crops, especially in Northern Europe. It is also expected to improve methods of forecasting extreme weather and adverse weather events, increasing losses in field crops and at the same time reducing the productivity of animals in all regions.
Climate change also accelerates the loss of soil organic matter, which plays a very important role in improving soil properties through structure and porosity, and absorption capacity (water, plant nutrients), as well as in protecting against erosion. The projections for the year 2050, made with different regional models and climate scenarios, show an overall increase of soil organic carbon stocks in Europe in all climate and land cover scenarios, but with some differences depending on the climate model and emission scenarios.